However, they have the considerable advantage that they may be easily transmitted as two pulse amplitude modulation ( PAM ) signals on quadrature carriers, and can be easily demodulated.
2.
In a departure from both 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX, 1000BASE-T uses four lanes over all four cable pairs for simultaneous transmission in both directions through the use of echo cancellation with adaptive equalization and five-level pulse amplitude modulation ( PAM-5 ).
3.
The standard on copper twisted pair is IEEE 802.3ab for Cat 5e UTP, or 4D-PAM5; four dimensions using PAM ( pulse amplitude modulation ) with five voltages, " 2 V, " 1 V, 0 V, + 1 V, and + 2 V . While + 2 V to " 2 V voltage may appear at the pins of the line driver, the voltage on the cable is nominally + 1 V, + 0.5 V, 0 V, " 0.5 V and " 1 V.
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